S-rR-gG-m-P-d-n-S Summarised by musicologist and critic Rajan Parrikar as “an obscure Todi variant, in which strands of Asavari and Khamaj are tied to the Todi-ang“. His guru Ramrang’s rendition of the raga revolves around phrases such as PmPm\g; mPn\d; SRnS; rnSRG, whereas Srikant Bakre‘s take also visits the shuddha Dha (bandish transcribed in full below) – although […]
• Raag Abheri Todi •
• Raag Faridi Todi •
S-r-gG-M-d-n-S A Todi variant known, as of 2025, through a single rendition: Supriyo Maitro’s spellbinding vocal tribute to his Dagarvani forebear Zia Fariduddin Dagar, live from the 2018 Faridi Samorah Festival in Bhopal with Aditya Deep on pakhawaj (“in remembrance of [Zia’s] 86th birthday, the festival was a musical tribute to the Ustad by his […]
• Raag Salagavarali •
S-r-g-P-D-n-S A rare ‘Ahiri no ma’ scale, combining a Bhupali Todi-like poorvang with an Ahir Bhairavic uttarang (Srg+PDnS) As per Parrikar: “S.N. Ratanjankar conceived of this raga…ma is eliminated to yield the following contour: SrgPDnDS; SnDPgPrgrS. Brilliantly exploited by Jitendra Abhisheki in a celebrated natyageeta. Watch out for the injection of a vivadi dosha via […]
• Raag Pancham se Pilu •
S-R-G-mM-P-D-nN-S A murchana rotation of Pilu (literally: ‘Pilu from Pa’) – i.e. if you treat this raga’s Pa as the ‘new Sa’, Pilu is produced (albeit in its somewhat less common ‘komal dha-less‘ form). Pilu’s doubled gG–nN swaras, separated by a perfect 5th, are thus spun into nN–mM (i.e. the murchana’s principal effect is to […]
• Raag Khat Todi •
S-r-g-mM-P-d-nN-S In Parrikar’s summary, Khat Todi is described as an “uncommon double-Ma prakar…mostly sung by Jaipur-Atrauli and Agra musicians. In the main body of Todi, a small phrase of Khat is introduced” (i.e. the raga is more like ‘Todi seasoned with Khat’ rather than a more equitable combo). He cites two different Khat strains used by […]
• Raag Nandkauns •
S-gG-m-P-d-n-S A poorvang–uttarang blend of Jog and Malkauns created by vocalist Chinmoy Lahiri, which despite the name, contains no trace of Nand – as explained by his son Shyamal Lahiri: “Baba performed this raga at the All Bengal Music Conference…and Allauddin Khan Saheb wanted to know that from where it derived. My father said that […]
• Raag Milan Gandhar •
S-gG-P-D-n-S An enchanting yet ultra-rare raga created by pioneering Punjabi vocalist Salamat Ali Khan, running along the lines of ‘Kalavati with komal ga in avroh’ (often as PDPgS or SngS), bringing shades of Kafi. A 1965 Salamat & Nazakat performance in Kabul (bandish: Piya More Angan Aaye & Tana Dhere Na Dhim), emphatically places the […]
• Raag Sundarkali •
S-r-G-P-n-S A relatively straightforward audav raga, Sundarkali takes the swaras of ‘Ahir Bhairav no ma/dha’. Anjani Kumar Gupta’s concise bansuri rendition is the only full recording I could find (alap transcribed below), although Tanarang’s disciple Prakash Vishwanath Ringe has released a brief selection of khayal demos (and sax player Mister D Cell has used it to […]
• Raag Sohini Pancham •
S-r-G-mM-P-D-N-S A variant of Sohini, named for its insertion of shuddha ma and Pa via phrases from Pancham including MGMGrS; MPGmG; MDMmG [n.b. many other raga names involving ‘Pancham’ indicate the inclusion of the swara position rather than the raga, e.g. ‘Pancham Malkauns‘]. Refer to renditions by Madhup Mudgal and Nisha Nigalye-Parasnis (singing a Pranpriya […]
• Raag Rajeshwari •
S-g-m-D-N-S Taking the swaras of ‘Chandrakauns shuddha Dha’, Rajeshwari’s five tones bring an idiosyncratic spin to the Kaunsi-ang, coloured with diffuse tensions. All poorvang swaras are set to their lowest specific position (Sgm), and all uttarang swaras are set to their highest (DNS), with the relief-bringing Re–Pa axis banished throughout. The resulting scale presents significant challenges […]
• Raag Mangal Gujari •
S-r-g-M-d-n-S A strange shadav scale matching the swara set of ‘Gujiri Todi komal ni’ or ‘Meladalan minus shuddha ma’. Its structure presents a unique combination of geometric quirks: Sa is ‘detached’ (=Pa and ma are both varjit), and all other swara positions are vikrit (rgdn: komal, M: tivra) – leaving the ultra-rare ‘tivra Ma, no […]
• Raag Maligoura •
S-r-G-M-P-dD-N-S A sandhiprakash raga which draws on Puriya, Gauri, Marwa, and Shree. Depending on rendition, Dha may be komal (Ali Akbar Khan), shuddha (Ramprapanna Bhattacharya), or double (Khadim Hussain Khan) – with considerable cross-gharana variance in characteristic phraseologies. Maihar sarodiya Sayak Barua states that “NDNrNP is the heart of the raga”, and, as per Manjiri […]
• Raag Devata Bhairav •
S-r-gG-m-P-d-N-S A double-Ga Bhairav derivative introduced by Agra gharana pioneer Azmat Hussain Khan ‘Dilrang’. As per Parrikar, the raga is distinguished from its parent with “the introduction of [an] avroh pragoya via the komal ga [mgrS]”. Some artists include subtle touches of komal ni, including Jitendra Abhisheki – who sings a madhyang-focused bandish (to me, reminiscent of […]
• Raag Chandni Kedar •
S-R-G-mM-P-D-nN-S A loosely-organised set of Kedar variations, Chandni Kedar (‘Moonlight Kedar’) is formed via minor modifications to its parent raga. As per Parrikar, who recommends a Kesarbai Kerkar mehfil rendition (Eri Ina Naina), “some suggest strengthening the komal ni and shuddha Ga in standard Kedar…others [suggest] Kedar with an added komal ni” – while Ocean […]
• Raag Bihagara •
S-R-G-m-P-D-nN-S A variant of Bihag popular in Kirtan and other Sikh devotional styles, used as the basis for compositions by great Gurus including Ram Das and Tegh Bahadur (some refer to the raga as ‘Punjabi Bihag’). As per Jawaddi Taksal, “Bihagara is very melodious, and brings out pangs of separation which can be removed by…becoming […]
• Raag Basanti Kanada •
S-r-G-mM-P-D-nN-S Perhaps the only Kanada raga to give prominence to tivra Ma (which appears in Basant-like poorvang motions such as GMDMG; MGrS), Basanti Kanada is a thinly-analysed form which summons idiosyncratic tensions via a precise mixing of seemingly incongruous elements (e.g. from the bandish below: DmG, GMdM\G, MGrS). Predominantly associated with vocalists of the Jaipur-Atrauli […]
• Raag Bahaduri Todi •
S-rR-g-m-P-d-n-S Described by Parrikar as “an exceedingly beautiful raga, known for aesthetic unity in spite of its convoluted structure…the disparate constituents are tied together by special sancharis, and the intonation is mediated by meends”. He cites two distinct versions of the raga in modern circulation (neither of which appear to be linked to the Carnatic […]
• Raag Bageshri Bahar •
S-R-g-m-P-D-nN-S A blend of the late-night Bageshri and the springtime Bahar, most prominently recorded by Bhimsen Joshi (below: from his 1997 Rarely-Heard Ragas album, also featuring Hindolita & Jaijaiwanti Nat: although the actual recording session appears to have taken place in 1980). Matches the swara set of ‘Kafi double-Ni’, and is thus prakriti with several […]
• Raag Vardhini •
S-gG-m-P-d-n-S Adapted from Carnatic music’s mela #32 (‘Ragavardhini’: strictly speaking, the Northern form should perhaps be spelled this way too), Vardhini matches the swaras of Nandkauns or ‘Jogkauns komal ni’. Seemingly introduced to the Northern ragascape via the Dagarvani Dhrupad – as per information kindly supplied by Pelva Naik, “Vardhini came into the Dagar gharana, as far […]
• Raag Suha Todi •
S-r-g-m-P-dD-n-S A jod raga primarily associated with (and probably invented by) Ali Akbar Khan. As per the liner notes to his 1978 album rendition with Swapan Chaudhury: “Suha is a time-tested traditional raga, and so is Todi…[however] their combination, though happily feasible, is not commonly heard…[Suha’s] Kanada trend blended with a raga of the morning […]
• Raag Rampriya •
S-r-G-M-P-D-n-S A mysterious sampurna form which follows the swara set of ‘Ahir Bhairav tivra Ma’, ‘Vachaspati komal re’, or ‘Puriya Kalyan komal ni’ (I’ve also seen the scale referred to as ‘Persian Vachaspati’ and ‘Ram Puriya Kalyan’). The ‘Rampriya’ moniker derives from a congruent Carnatic raga, although it is unclear whether this is a post-hoc […]
• Raag Rageshri Kanada •
S-R-gG-m-P-D-n-S A seldom-heard Rageshri variant which incorporates Kanada-flavoured poorvang phrases into a broadly Khamaj-ang framework. The only full-length recording I was able to find is a fascinating 1960 album rendition by Dhrupad vocal legend Rahimuddin Khan Dagar (Ganga Jata Shiv: transcribed below), which incorporates shuddha Re and komal ga in curious adjacent movements such as […]
• Raag Patdeepaki •
S-R-gG-m-P-D-nN-S A highly variable form which grafts additional swaras onto a Dhanashree-ang Patdeep foundation – allowing for shades of many proximate ragas, including (but not limited to) Bihag, Khamaj, Jhinjhoti, Bilawal, Barwa, Hameer, Desi, and Maluha. Performed in various guises by vocalists of multiple gharanas, including Bhimsen Joshi (Kirana), Sharafat Hussain Khan (Agra), Aman Ali […]
• Raag Noor Sarang •
S-R-mM-P-D-N-S A rare raga of the Sarang family, around which there exists limited melodic consensus. As per Abhirang’s account, “when we only use tivra Ma in Shuddha Sarang, it is converted to Noor Sarang…in avroh, the Dha is kept ‘free’ [e.g. ornamented D(NP)]” – also noting its proximity to Jaymini Sarang (both Ni). Dhrupad interpretations […]
• Raag Nagadhwani Kanada •
S-R-gG-m-P-D-nN-S A hazily-codified raga of uncertain origin, Nagadhwani Kanada is seldom performed today – although the term ‘Nagadhwani’ (‘Sound of Serpents’) seemingly appears in ancient lakshanagranthas including the 13th-century Sangita Ratnakara (‘Ocean of Music and Dance’). Joydeep Mukherjee’s Mohanveena rendition lies close to Patdeep, placing particular emphasis on shuddha Dha, while Pandit Jasraj’s Kafi-tilted bandish […]
• Raag Mangal Bhairav •
S-r-G-m-P-D-N-S A ‘shuddha Dha Bhairav’ offshoot, which thus allows for Durga-like uttarang movements such as mPDS. Ronu Majumdar also touches on Bhupali (e.g. SDS SDPDS: gat transcribed below), placing these passages in contrast to Bhairav’s signature GrS conclusion phrase. Subbha Rao’s Raga Nidhi Vol.3 notes that the raga’s movements remain anchored in the pentatonic swara […]
• Raag Malti Basant •
S-r-G-mM-D-N-S A rare springtime raga, summarised in Narayanrao Patwardhan’s 1964 Raga Vigyan as a fusion of Puriya, Basant, Sohini, & Hindol (see chalan phrases below) – although Deepak Raja recounts a conversation with Ulhas Kashalkar, who states that “there is no Hindol in it…the raga has shades of Puriya and Sohini as well as Basant…Mainly [sung] in […]
• Raag Madhuranjani •
S-g-m-P-N-S The name ‘Madhuranjani’ is used in reference to several distinct forms. The best-known incarnation is based on the SgmPNS swara set of ‘Dhani shuddha Ni’ (or ‘Patdeep no Re/Dha’) – as exemplified by vocalists such as Abhirang, Sawani Shende, and Jitendra Abhisheki, who also includes flourishes of shuddha Re in avroh. Some suggest that […]
• Raag Gaud Sarang •
S-R-G-mM-P-D-N-S Aside from its afternoon designation, Gaud Sarang typically carries few hints of the Sarang family – running more like a vakra Bihag variant seasoned by a GRmGPRS pakad amongst other melodic quirks (some refer to it as ‘Din ki Bihag’: ‘Daytime Bihag’). Shuddha ma is strong, but not used as a nyas, with its enclosing […]
• Raag Gandhari •
S-rR-g-m-P-d-n-S Described by Parrikar as “an Asavariant of ancient vintage, [with] no consensus regarding its contemporary swarupa”, the modern Gandhari usually appears in double-Re form – although some variants also employ double-Ga and/or double-Dha. Many renditions follow a ‘Jaunpuri-plus’ framework, seasoning this raga with komal re in concluding phrases (e.g. nPndPmg, grgrS). Sometimes interpreted as […]
• Raag Lagan Gandhar •
S-R-gg̃G-P-D-S An oddball product of Kumar Gandharva’s limitless imagination, Lagan Gandhar (‘Full Ga Concentration’) is distinguished by taking a ‘triple-Ga’ – with an additional ‘quarter-tone’ sruti lying roughly halfway between the komal and shuddha shades (‘komalaa gandhar’: notated here as ‘g̃’). This strange tone-trio is often navigated in adjacent manner, with slow glides serving to […]
• Raag Sorath •
S-R-G-m-P-D-nN-S A Khamaj-flavoured night raga which enjoys perennial popularity in Sikh traditions: as per Jawaddi Taksal, Sorath is “a simple and sweet raga: but it will be appealing only when the soul seeks the Lord’s name. By singing glorious praises, lifelessness does not come” – and, in the words of another Sikh writer: “Sorath conveys the […]
• Raag Shukla Bilawal •
S-R-G-m-P-D-nN-S A traditional Bilawal prakar, marked out by phrase patterns such as SGGm, GmPm and a general focus on shuddha ma, also integrating movements from the Malhar, Khamaj, and Kedar families. Jaipur-Atrauli vocalist Manjiri Asanare-Kelkar’s detailed demo breakdown (transcribed in full below) describes it as “a complex raga, with major phrases of Gaud Malhar and Bihagda […]
• Raag Shankara Karan •
S-R-G-M-P-D-nN-S Associated with the crisp mornings of springtime, Shankara Karan is variously said to blend elements of Shankara, Shree, Hindol, and Yaman – although its swara set (‘Yaman double Ni’) is seldom-heard in the Hindustani ragascape (also hear the ultra-rare Guru Kalyan & Kala Kalyan). Recordings are rare, with the most prominent cut being a 1995 […]
• Raag Saurashtra Bhairav •
S-r-G-m-P-dD-N-S A unique ‘double-Dha’ blend of the morning Bhairav with the night-time Bhinna Shadja, Saurashtra Bhairav’s movements vary across gharana boundaries. Abhirang, interpreting a pair of Ramrang compositions (Barani Na Jaye Chabi & Aba Main Kase Jaya Kahu), cites the importance of Bhinna Shadja’s mDNSNDm catchphrase – although most other movements fall in line with those of […]
• Raag Sanjh Saravali •
S-R-G-mM-P-D-N-S Taking the general form of ‘Yaman Kalyan seasoned with Bihag’, Sanjh Saravali (‘Evening Melody’) was devised by Vilayat Khan in the late 1970s. Fellow Imdadkhani sitarist Deepak Raja, aided by input from Vilayat himself, describes the raga as “incorporating fleeting impressions of several Kalyan ragas, including Nand Kalyan and Chayanat…its melodic identity rests on […]
• Raag Roopkali •
S-rR-G-mM-P-d-N-S A variation of Ramkali, which is distinguished through a general avoidance of komal ni and sporadic inclusion of shuddha Re. Renditions generally focus on the mid-scale region, with all five specific swaras from shuddha Ga to komal dha available for use (GmMPd). Khadim Hussain Khan’s twisting melodies tend to pair tivra Ma with Pa above, […]
• Raag Pat Bihag •
S-R-G-mM-P-D-N-S A chalan bheda of Bihag, which varies according to gharana. Tivra Ma is generally restricted to ornamental use, while Jaipur-Atrauli singers may showcase a range of additional melodic quirks. In Parrikar’s summary, “most of its mannerisms are Bihag-like, the notable departure being its ‘glowing’ shuddha ma: deergha and mukta” – also see his rundown […]
• Raag Pancham se Gara •
S-R-G-mM-P-D-nN-S A rotation of Gara (literally: ‘Gara from Pa’) – i.e. if you treat the raga’s Pa as the ‘new Sa’, Gara’s scale is produced (SRGmMPDNS > SRgGmPDNS: although the raga’s creation in fact came via the reverse translation). Most closely associated with murchana master Ravi Shankar, who reworks Gara’s DnSNS uttarang catchphrase into GmPMP (see […]
• Raag Niranjani Todi •
S-r-g-mM-P-D-nN-S A seldom-heard raga said to have been invented by Kishori Amonkar, combining elements from Bairagi, Ahir Bhairav, and Bhinna Shadja. Despite these lofty origins, I can’t track down a single rendition by its apparent creator – although her disciple Raghunandan Panshikar has recorded it several times, focusing his interpretation on an Ahiri-prakriti core form […]
• Raag Neelambari •
S-R-gG-m-P-D-n-S A blend of the allied Kafi and Sindhura, brought into being by revered Gwalior vocalist Omkarnath Thakur some time prior to 1936 (n.b. it bears no discernible connections to the Carnatic raga of the same name). Parrikar points to “two special pathos-imbuing prayogas: the melodic molecule DngR, and the chromatic avroh slide from shuddha […]
• Raag Nat Kamod •
S-R-G-m-P-D-nN-S A Jaipur-Atrauli combination of Shuddha Nat and Kamod, which may also touch on the territory of Chayanat. Described by Deepak Raja as being “sustained by a single bandish – Nevar Baajo – [which] has virtually been synonymous with the raga for over half a century, and is perhaps the sole repository of its ‘raga-ness’ […]
• Raag Nat Bihag •
S-R-G-mM-P-D-nN-S A Bihag offshoot developed by the Agra gharana, distinguished by the integration of special phrases such as mnDP; PDNS; PDNDP alongside other flourishes from Shuddha Nat (e.g. SR, RG, Gm, mP). Tivra Ma is either avoided or limited to occasional ornamental status (M/P), with komal ni similarly restricted to use as a madhya-saptak kan in […]
• Raag Lankeshwari •
S-R-gG-m-P-D-n-S An enchanting blend of three night ragas: Bageshri, Rageshri, and Malgunji. Bageshri, evident via a strong ma–Sa sangati and the skipping of Pa in ascent, combines with Rageshri to present a double-Ga – with more extended melodic developments often following in the manner of Malgunji. Seemingly the exclusive preserve of vocalists, although it remains […]
• Raag Lalit Pancham •
S-r-G-mM-P-D-N-S A title applied to various offshoots of Lalit which add some combination of Pa and shuddha Dha to the basic SrGmMdNS swara set, often removing komal dha in the process. Many such incarnations draw from Shuddha Basant (a raga which features Pa and, depending on variant, either form of Dha: Ulhas Kashalkar notes that […]
• Raag Khokar •
S-G-m-P-D-nN-S A captivating raga with disparate modern strands. In its predominant Jaipur-Atrauli incarnation, Khokar is, according to some, essentially identical to Bihagda, itself a fusion of Bihag and Khamaj (Deepak Raja: “A melodic analysis of the so-called Khokar confirms its identity with Bihagda…[any] distinction remains unsupported by either logic or evidence”). On the other hand, […]
• Raag Jait •
S-rR-G-P-D-S A charming audav raga with several disparate branches. In particular, the treatment of Re varies (some render it komal, and others shuddha, while Jaipur-Atrauli singers employ both forms) – with Dha, which must be taken vakra, also showing up in both its variants (albeit not within the same performance). Indeed, even renditions by the […]
• Raag Jaijaiwanti Nat •
S-R-gG-m-P-D-nN-S A barely-explored compound of Jaijaiwanti and Shuddha Nat, which blends the basic structure of the latter raga with flourishes from the former. The only renditions I can trace are those of Bhimsen Joshi, who may be the raga’s inventor (although some sources suggest the great Jaipur-Atrauli guru Azizuddin Khan instead) – beginning in the […]
• Raag Hussaini Todi •
S-R-g-m-P-D-nN-S A rare raga which appears in at least two modern-day variants. The predominant Jaipur-Atrauli interpretation takes the swaras of ‘Kafi double-Ni’, eschewing the Todi-ang altogether: Manjiri Asanare-Kelkar’s ever-excellent melodic breakdown describes it as “Desi with a ‘Hussaini’ phrase” [a sruti-laden mPD, S(nSN)S, m, mPDnS] – adding that this phrase also turns up in the ‘other’ […]
• Raag Viyogavarali •
S-r-g-m-d-N-S An invention of Agra vocalist S.N. Ratanjankar, Viyogavarali (or ‘Viyog Varali Todi’) was derived by omitting Pa from the Carnatic Dhenuka (mela #9) – resembling ‘Chandrakauns plus komal re’ or ‘Gujiri Todi shuddha ma’. All swaras except Ni appear in their lowest specific variants, with the use of ga restricted to Todi-ang avroh motions (e.g. […]
